The Adaptive Capacity of Corals Based on the Health Level to Estimate the Carrying Capacity of the Marine Ecotourism in Enggano Island

Yar Johan, Fredinan Yulianda, Rahmat Kurnia, Ismudi Muchsin

Abstract


Enggano Island is one of the outermost islands of Indonesia. Among the recoverable resources that exist in Enggano Island are coral reef ecosystems. A coral reef ecosystem is also one of the ecosystems with a high level of biodiversity productivity having a major role as habitats, feeding places, and the coastal protection from the crashing of waves and strong currents. Currently, coral reefs are being destroyed either by nature or humans. The ability of an ecosystem to adapt to a disturbance or potential damage is called adaptive capacity. The aim of the study was to assess the adaptive capacity of corals in terms of their health levels to estimate the carrying capacity of marine ecotourism. The observation method used was survey method. Adaptive capacity measurements were carried out by analyzing six parameters: hard coral cover (%), distances from human settlements (km), dominance of lifeform, types of lifeform, reef fish species, and coral reef depth (m). The results of this study showed that Enggano Island corals had the adaptive capacity that fell into two categories: medium and adaptiveEnggano Island is one of the outermost islands of Indonesia. Among the recoverable resources that exist in Enggano Island are coral reef ecosystems. A coral reef ecosystem is also one of the ecosystems with a high level of biodiversity productivity having a major role as habitats, feeding places, and the coastal protection from the crashing of waves and strong currents. Currently, coral reefs are being destroyed either by nature or humans. The ability of an ecosystem to adapt to a disturbance or potential damage is called adaptive capacity. The aim of the study was to assess the adaptive capacity of corals in terms of their health levels to estimate the carrying capacity of marine ecotourism. The observation method used was survey method. Adaptive capacity measurements were carried out by analyzing six parameters: hard coral cover (%), distances from human settlements (km), dominance of lifeform, types of lifeform, reef fish species, and coral reef depth (m). The results of this study showed that Enggano Island corals had the adaptive capacity that fell into two categories: medium and adaptive

Full Text:

PDF

References


Allen, G.R., Steene, R. 1996. Indo-Pacific Coral Reef Field Guide. Singapore (ID); Tropical Reef Research.

Algar, D.A., Burbidge, A.A, Angus, G.J. 2002. Cat eradication on Hermite Island, Montebello Islands, Western Australia. In: Turning the tide: the eradication of island invasive species. CR Veitch and MN Clout (eds.), IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland, pp. 14–18

Babcock, R., Smith, L. 2000. Effects of Sedimentation on Coral Settlement and Survivorship. In: Barbara A.B., R.S. Pomeroy, and C.M. Balboa (Eds.). Proceeding 9th International Coral Reef Symposium. Indonesia (ID):

BPS Bengkulu Utara. 2016. Statistik Daerah Kecamatan Enggano 2016. Argamakmur (ID): BPS Bengkulu Utara.

Brown, B., Suharsono. 1990. Damage and recovery of coral reefs affected by El Nino related seawater warming in the Thousand Islands, Indonesia. J Coral Reefs. 8:163-170.

Burke, L., Raytar, K., Spalding, M., Pery A. 2002. Reef at risk in Southeast Asian Washington DC; World Resources Institute.

English, S., Wilkinson, C,. Baker, V. 1994. Survey manual for tropical marine resources. Australian Institute of Marine Science. Townsville (ID):

Fussel, H.M., Klein, R.J.T. 2006. Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments: An Evolution of Conceptual Thinking. J Climate change. 75: 301-329

Gallopin, G.C. 2006. Linkages between vulnerability, resiliensi, and adaptive capacity. J Global Environ. Change. 16:293-303.

Gomez, E.D., Yap, H.T. 1988. Monitoring Reef Condition. P:187-195 dalam R.A. Kenchington dan B.E.T. Hudson (eds.), Coral Reef Management Handbook. UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology for South East Asia. Jakarta (ID):

Hughes, T.P., Bellwood, D.R., Folke, C.S., McCook, L.J., Pandolfi, J.M. 2006. NoBTake Areas, herbivory and coral reef resilience. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution. 22: 1-3.

Kuiter, R.H., Tonozuka, T. 2001. Indonesian Reef Fishes (Part 1 dan 2). Zoonetic. Australia (ID); Zoonetics.

Ledlie, M.H., Graham, N.A.J., Bythell, J.C., Wilson, S.K., Jennings, S., Polunin, N.V.C., Hardcastle, J. 2007. Phase shifts and the role of herbivory in the resilience of coral reefs. J.Coral Reefs. 26:641–653

Lirman, D. 2001. Competition between macroalgae and corals: Effects of herbivore exclusion and increased algae biomass on coral survivorship and grouwth. J Coral Reefs. 19:392-399.

Luers, A.L. 2005. The surface of vulnerability: an analytical framework for examining environmetal change. J Glo Inveron Cha. 15: 214-223

Luthfi, O.M. 2016. Konservasi terumbu karang di pulau sempu menggunakan konsep taman karang. JIAT. 2 (1): 210-2016.

Marshall, P.A., Baird, A.H. 2000. Bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef:differential susceptibilities among taxa. J. Coral Reefs.19:155–163.

Ninio, R., Meekan, M.G. 2002. Spatial patterns in benthic communities and the dynamics of a mosaic ecosystem on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. J. Coral Reefs: 21:95–103.

Siringoringo, R.M., Palupi, R.D., Hadi, T.A. 2012. Biodiversitas Karang Batu (Scleractinia) di Perairan Kendari. IJMS. 17 (1): 23-30.

Subur, R., Yulianda, F., Fahrudin, A., Susilo, S.B. 2011. Kapasitas Adaptif Ekosistem Lamun (Seagrass) di Gugus Pulau Guraici Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan. J. Agrisains. 12 (3):207-215.

Subur, R. 2012. Daya Dukung Ekowisata Dengan Pendekatan Kapasitas Adaptif Ekologi di Pulau-Pulau Keci. Kasus Gugus Pulau Guraici Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan [Disertasi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Suharsono. 2008. Jenis - jenis Karang di Indonesia. Jakarta (ID):Coremap Program LIPI Press.

Thamrin. 2006. Karang. Biologi Reproduksi dan Ekologi. Pekanbaru (ID): Minamandiri Press.

Torres, J.L., Morelock, J. 2002. Effect of Terrigenous Sediment Influx on Coral Cover and Linear Extention Rates on Three Caribbean Massive Coral Species. Caribbean Journal of Science. 38 (3-4): 000-000.

Turner, B.L. I.I, Kasperson, R.E., Matson, P.A., McCarthy, J.J., Corell, R.W., Christensen, L., Eckley, N., Kaspersnon, J.X., Luers, A., Martello, M.L., Polsky, C., Pulsipher, A., Schiller, A. 2003. A Framework For Vulnerability Analysis in Sustainability Science. Journal PNAS (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.) USA. 100: 8074-8079.

Veron, J.E.N. 2000. Corals of the world Vol.1. Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB3. Townsville MC. Qld4810. Australia. 463 p.

Wahiddin, N., Siregar, V.P., Nababan, B., Jaya, I., Wouth, S. 2014. Deteksi Perubahan Habitat Terumbu Karang Menggunakan Citra Landsat Di Pulau Morotai Provinsi Maluku Utara. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis. 6 (2): 507-524.

Wilson, S.K., Graham, N.A.J., Polunin, N.V.C. 2007. Appraisal of visual assessments of habitat complexity and benthic composition on coral reefs. J. Mar Biol. 151:1069–1076.

Yulianda, F. 2007. Ekowisata Bahari sebagai Alternatif Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Pesisir Berbasis Konservasi. Makalah Seminar Sains 21 Februari 2007. Departemen Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan. FPIK IPB. Bogor.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.oa.2018.14.1.289

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Lisensi Creative Commons

Omni-Akuatika by Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty - Jenderal Soedirman University is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.