Chronosequence Effect of Post Tin Mining Ponds to Metals Residu and Microecosystem Change

The ecological change that caused by tin mining activity was among the most important sorts of problem in the environment, including heavy metals contamination and change of microecosystem. This article aims to identify speciation of metals and heavy metals in post tin mining aquatic ecosystem, particularly, disused tin mining ponds in West Bangka, Indonesia in a chronosequence effect study. Speciation of metals and heavy metals were detected by X-Ray Fluorescence. X-Ray Fluorescence analysis showed that heavy metals in post tin mining ponds like Fe, Sn, and Cu and also some metals like Mg, Si, Al, S, and P were detected with a different numbers. There was a speciation of heavy metals and metals in post tin mining ponds with chronosequence effect. It can become an important and basic study about potential bioremediator in the research locations. Further, researches about microecosystem change and interaction of microorganisms and heavy metals there can become information to design an ecological management tool to manage this ecosystem so it can be used for primay or secondary activity.


Introduction
Tin mining activity had contributed to ecological problems such as threat to natural reserves due to landscape changes, damage to natural drainage, pollution, heavy metals contamination and destruction of natural habitats (Ashraf et al., 2010;Ashraf et al., 2012a;Daniel et al., 2014).Heavy metals contamination in the environment have created a very difficult situation for a healthy life (Verma et al., 2011) because of its persistence, biomagnifications, and accumulation in the environment and along to in food chain (Rajendran et al., 2003) by agricultural products (Jaiswal, 2011) or animal (Lone et al., 2008) and then cause a serious threat to human health (Rai, 2008).
Some researches have done to detect heavy metals in tin mining activity, such as in Bangka of Indonesia (Henny, 2011;Rosidah and Henny, 2012), in Malaysia (Ashraf et al., 2012a), and in Nigeria (Daniel et al., 2014).However, a chronosequence effect of post tin mining ponds ecosystem to heavy metals, particularly, in West Bangka, Indonesia have not be done.While, an understanding of heavy metals dynamic in a chronosequence effect was crucial in order to predict ecosystem conditions and detect environment changes.Further, it becomes an important part to determine the next aquatic ecosystem management.

Material and Method
The study areas were located in West Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Archipelago Province of Indonesia.The considered study sites cover five ponds of post tin mining with differences of ponds' age and the mining activity that refers to once used or reused for tin mining activity in these areas.analyzed by pH meter, water temperature was analyzed by digital thermometer, TDS was analyzed by TDS meter, and metals or heavy metals were analyzed by X-Ray Fluorescence.

Results and Discussion
In this research, chronosequence effects to basic parameters analyzed such as pH, TDS, and water temperature, and particularly, chronosequence effect to ecological characteristics and chronosequence effect to metals and heavy metals shown in Table 1 and  Table 2.
Tin mining activity had generated ponds with degradated ecological composition and structure quality and also physical or biological characteristics, macro and micro ecosystems change (Vyas and Pancholi, 2009;Giri et al., 2014;Lad et al., 2015).The study about water quality and heavy metals in water of post mining area shows that there were variations in the environmnt (Ashraf et al., 2011).Each water body has patterns of physical and chemical characteristics which were determined largely by the climatic, geomorphological, and geochemical conditions prevailing in the drainage basin and the underlying aquifer (Ashraf et al., 2012b).
The pH value in the research locations showed that an acidic conditions.In K.Ex I and K.Ex II sites, pH value were very extreme acidic in 1,7-1,9.In K.P, K.As I, and K.As II sites show pH value were 2,2-4,7.Acidic waste waters from industrial and mining activities was known as acid mine drainage (AMD) waters that often highly acidic (pH < 4) (Kolmert and Johnson, 2001) as a results of sulfide minerals oxidization (principally pyrite, FeS 2 ) after the mine wastes were exposed to oxygen and water (Tan et al., 2007).The age and mining activity also contribute to change of pH value.The age of ecosystem has a correlation with ecological succession were followed nutrient cycling and physico-chemical characteristics (Moreno-de las Heras et al., 2008).The chonosequence effects were taken also in metals and heavy metals speciation.In K.Ex I and K.Ex II sites have higher metals and heavy metals number than others sites.An acid water can dissolve and mobilize heavy metals (like Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd), transport, and release them into the environment (Modoi et al., 2014).Further, the mobility of metals, in particular, heavy metals depend not only on pH value, but also on total concentration, their specific chemical form, their binding state, the metal properties, and the environmental factors and properties like organic matter content (Rodrı´guez et al., 2009).
The change of ecosystem in post tin mining as well as in others mining ecosystem, certainly followed the changes of organisms and including microbial communities structure (Grant et al., 2007).Changes of microorganisms in abundance and their composition were investigated during succession (Urbanov´a et al., 2011) and mining significantly altered microorganism communities (Banning et al., 2011).In other study, microorganisms' activity can accelerate dissolution of minerals, particularly, pyrite and other sulfide minerals in derelict mine sites, including many that have been long-abandoned (Johnson and Hallberg, 2003).The acidhopile activity can used tailing of mining as nutition, carbon, and nitrogen source with mixotrophy as a chemoheterotroph and a photoautotroph (Hao et al., 2010) to generate a succession in disturbed ecosystem for a long process (Rowe et al., 2007;Fierer et al., 2010;Lo´pez-Lozano et al., 2013).
Interesting to discussed, the change of post tin mining waters ecological characteristics that impact to microorganisms diversity and structures like methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) (Sow et al., 2014a;Sow et al., 2014b) and arsenic-resistant bacteria (ARB) (Jareonmit et al., 2010;Valverde et al., 2011) or otherwise the microorganisms activity had effects to ecological change including speciation of metals and heavy metals and also post tin mining waters ecosystem characteristics in the chronesequence.The change of ecosystem properties along chronosequence as a result of environemental evolution can drive microbial communities function and diversity (Banner et al., 2011) or their capability to survive in ecosystem age evolution (Chodak et al., 2009) in resistance (insensitivity to disturbance) and resilience (the rate of recovery after disturbance) (Shade et al., 2012) for carbon, nitrogen, sulfur cycling, and metals (Xie et al., 2011) can drive ecological change.
There was a significant correlations were found between the microorganism communities and also geochemical factors (Vishnivetskaya et al., 2011).Ecological factors, including heavy metal pollution had a significant impact on microbial communities structure and functional diversity (Liao and Xie, 2007), size and activity (Wang et al., 2007), and microbial communities composition and diversity change along chemical gradients (Bier et al., 2015).But also, microorganisms play a significant role in remediations of contaminated ecosystem (Akhtar et al., 2013;Iram and Abrar, 2015) have been used in environmental cleanups (Kumar et al., 2010;Nagashetti et al., 2013).The interactions of heavy metals and microorganisms in chronosequence effect of post mining, particularly, in post tin mining waters ecosystem needs to be undertaken for a justification so that it become a solution to accelerate the recovery of water sources for secondary activities and habitable for organisms.

Table 1 .
Chronosequence effect to ecological characteristics

Table 2 .
Chronosequence effect to heavy metals and metals